Obstetrics and Gynecology

The obstetrics and gynecology department is a medical field that examines and treats women's reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes) and all processes related to women's reproductive health (pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum period). This field aims not only to support women's physical health but also their emotional, social, and sexual well-being. Obstetricians and gynecologists focus on improving women's quality of life with this holistic approach.

• Gynecology: A medical field dealing with the health and diseases of female reproductive organs (uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes). Specialists in this field, gynecologists, diagnose and treat gynecological problems women face at different stages of life (adolescence, reproductive age, menopause).
• Obstetrics: A medical field concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It involves monitoring pregnancy, managing normal and cesarean deliveries, and protecting the health of both mother and baby after birth.
• Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility: A field covering the diagnosis and treatment of infertility and reproductive hormone-related issues. It also applies advanced treatments such as assisted reproductive techniques (IVF, intrauterine insemination).
• Gynecologic Oncology: A field focused on the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers of the reproductive organs (uterine cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer). Using cancer surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, it aims to save women’s lives.
• Urogynecology: A field dealing with diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor disorders.

Gynecology is a branch of medicine that studies the reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes) and related health issues. Gynecologists are obstetricians who diagnose and treat gynecological problems encountered by patients at different stages of their lives.

A gynecologist is an obstetrician specialized in providing healthcare services related to the reproductive system. Gynecologists diagnose diseases of the reproductive organs.

These diseases include fibroids, cysts, infections, and gynecological cancers.

They also examine other reproductive health issues such as menstrual irregularities, infertility, and menopause. Gynecologists determine treatment methods for these conditions.

Gynecologists provide solutions to health problems women face at different stages of life (adolescence, reproductive age, menopause).

Main diseases and conditions gynecologists treat:

• Menstrual Irregularities: Abnormalities in frequency, duration, intensity, or regularity of the menstrual cycle. These may manifest as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), or metrorrhagia (irregular bleeding).
• Ovarian Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries.
• Endometriosis: Growth of the tissue lining the uterus outside the uterus, often known as chocolate cysts.
• Myomas (Fibroids): Benign tumors developing in the uterus.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder characterized by many small cysts on the ovaries.
• Vaginal Discharges: Abnormal color, odor, or amount of vaginal discharge, which may indicate vaginal yeast infections or other conditions.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Various infections transmitted through sexual contact.

Uterine Issues:

• Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer): Malignant tumors developing in the uterine lining.
• Cervical Infection: Infections occurring in the cervix.
• Myomas and Polyps in the Uterus: Benign tumors (myomas) or growths (polyps) in the uterine lining.
• Uterine Prolapse: Downward displacement of the uterus from its normal position.

Gynecologic Oncologic Diseases:

• Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer): Malignant tumors in the uterine lining.
• Cervical Cancer: Malignant tumors in the cervix.
• Ovarian Cancer: Malignant tumors in the ovaries.
• Tubal Cancer: Malignant tumors in the fallopian tubes.
• Vulvar Cancer: Malignant tumors in the external genital organs (vulva).
• Vaginal Cancer: Malignant tumors in the vagina.
• HPV Infection and HPV Vaccine: Human papillomavirus infections and the protective HPV vaccine.
• Menopause: Hormonal and physical changes related to the end of the menstrual cycle.
• Urinary Incontinence: Loss of control over urination.
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Prolapse of pelvic organs such as the uterus, bladder, or intestines toward the vagina.
• Infertility: Inability of a couple to conceive despite regular sexual intercourse.
• Vaginismus: Involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible.
• Genital Aesthetics: Surgical or non-surgical procedures to address aesthetic concerns in the genital area.
• Genital PRP: A method applied to support tissue regeneration in the genital area.
• Genital Whitening (Laser Vaginal Whitening): Laser treatment used to lighten the skin color in the genital area.
• Urogynecological Problems: Conditions like urinary incontinence or organ prolapse due to weakness of pelvic floor muscles.
• High-Risk Pregnancy Monitoring: Management of pregnancies with conditions that threaten the health of the mother or baby.
• Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology: Reproductive health issues in female children and adolescents.
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Physical and emotional symptoms occurring before menstruation.
• Ectopic Pregnancy: Implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus.
• Chemical Pregnancy: Early pregnancy loss despite a positive pregnancy test.
• Sexual Dysfunction: Problems affecting sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, or causing pain during sexual activity.

It is a broad medical field that deals with reproductive health as well as women’s pregnancy and childbirth processes. It manages gynecological issues and monitors pregnancy and childbirth to protect the health of both mother and baby.

• Gynecological Examination: Physical examination of reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes).
• Pregnancy Monitoring: Regular monitoring of the health of the mother and baby during pregnancy and application of necessary treatments.
• Delivery Management: Conducting vaginal delivery or cesarean section.
• Birth Control Counseling: Informing couples about birth control methods such as contraceptive pills to help them make informed decisions about reproductive health.
• Infertility Treatment: Assisting with having children through various reproductive techniques (IVF, insemination).
• Gynecological Surgery: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases related to the reproductive organs.

To evaluate women’s health, diagnose diseases, and determine appropriate treatment methods, various procedures and tests are performed.

• Gynecological Examination: Physical examination of women’s reproductive organs.
• Ultrasonography: Imaging of reproductive organs through abdominal or vaginal methods.
• Pap Smear Test: Taking cell samples from the cervix for cancer screening.
• HPV Test: Checking for the presence of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) in the cervix.
• Mammography: X-ray imaging of breast tissue for cancer screening.
• Hormone Tests: Measuring hormone levels through blood tests.
• Blood Tests: Assessing overall health status.
• Bone Density Measurement: Evaluating risk of bone loss during menopause.
• Colposcopy: Detailed examination of the cervix.
• Biopsy: Taking samples from the cervix, uterus, or other tissues for analysis.
• Laparoscopy: Performing surgical procedures inside the abdomen through small incisions.
• Hysteroscopy: Inspecting the inside of the uterus with a camera.
• Delivery: Performing normal vaginal birth or cesarean section.

The treatment methods applied in the gynecology and obstetrics department cover a wide range. This diversity allows for selecting the most appropriate treatment approach according to the patient’s condition. The primary goal is to best protect and improve patients’ health and enhance their quality of life.

Common Treatment Methods

Medication Treatment:

• Treatment of infections (antibiotics, antifungal drugs)
• Pain relievers
• Control of menstrual irregularities
• Regulation of hormonal imbalances
• Treatment of endometriosis

Hormone Therapy:

• Management of menopause symptoms (hot flashes, insomnia, etc.)
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
• Birth control
• Treatment of hormonal disorders
• Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Surgical Intervention:

• Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
• Ovarian cyst removal (oophorectomy)
• Myomectomy (removal of fibroids)
• Treatment of ectopic pregnancy
• Cesarean section during delivery
• Treatment of genital prolapse (uterine prolapse)

Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery:

• Minimally invasive surgical techniques
• Smaller incisions, less pain
• Faster recovery process
• Treatment of conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids, ovarian cysts
• More complex operations can be performed with robotic surgery

Treatments Related to the Female Reproductive System:

• Infertility treatment
• Insemination
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)
• Ovulation induction