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Endoscopy
What is Endoscopy?
Applications of Endoscopy
Types of Endoscopy
Upper Endoscopy (Gastroscopy)
Lower Endoscopy (Colonoscopy)
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)
Capsule Endoscopy
Bronchoscopy

What Is Endoscopy?

Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a medical procedure used to visualize the internal parts of the body. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope, equipped with a camera and light source at its tip, is used. The endoscope is inserted into the body through natural openings (such as the mouth, nose, or anus) or via a small incision. The camera transmits images of the internal organs to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine the organs in detail.

It can be used for diagnosis, treatment, or performing surgical procedures. Endoscopy can be performed to examine various body areas, including the digestive system, respiratory system, urinary tract, and female reproductive organs.

What is Endoscopy?

Endoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the digestive system. A thin, flexible tube called an endoscope, equipped with a camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or anus to visualize the inner surfaces of organs such as the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Applications of Endoscopy

Endoscopy is used for the diagnosis and treatment of various digestive system disorders. In some cases, it is performed for examination purposes only, while in others, it can be used to take biopsies or perform minor surgical procedures.

In the Esophagus:
- Reflux disease
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal stricture
- Esophageal cancer
- Removal of foreign objects
In the Stomach:
- Gastritis
- Stomach ulcer
- Stomach cancer
- Polyps
In the Small Intestine:
- Celiac disease
- Crohn's disease
- Small intestine cancer
In the Large Intestine:
- Colitis
- Polyps
- Colon cancer

Types of Endoscopy

Endoscopy is named according to the body area being examined and the type of endoscope used. The most common types of endoscopy are:

Upper Endoscopy (Gastroscopy)

Upper endoscopy is performed to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth to visualize the inner surfaces of these organs. Gastroscopy is used for the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system diseases such as ulcers, gastritis, reflux, and cancer.

Lower Endoscopy (Colonoscopy)

Lower endoscopy is performed to examine the large intestine (colon) and rectum. The endoscope is inserted through the anus to visualize the inner surfaces of these organs. Colonoscopy is used for the diagnosis and treatment of large intestine diseases such as polyps, diverticula, and cancer.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

ERCP is performed to examine the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth, and once it reaches the duodenum, a thin tube (catheter) is placed into the bile and pancreatic ducts. X-ray images of these ducts are taken to detect problems such as blockages, stones, or tumors.

Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy is used to examine the small intestine. A small capsule swallowed by the patient records images as it passes through the small intestine, which are later reviewed on a computer. Capsule endoscopy is used for diagnosing small intestine problems such as bleeding or Crohn's disease.

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is performed to examine the airways (trachea and bronchi). The endoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth to visualize the inner surface of the airways. Bronchoscopy is used in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is performed to examine the abdominal cavity. A small incision is made in the abdominal area, and the endoscope is inserted through this incision into the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopy is used in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions such as abdominal pain, infertility, and appendicitis.

Why Is Endoscopy Performed?

Endoscopy can be performed for the following purposes:

Diagnosis: Endoscopy can be used to diagnose problems in body regions such as the digestive system, respiratory system, urinary tract, or female reproductive organs.
Treatment: Certain treatments, such as polyp removal, bleeding control, or stent placement, can be performed using endoscopy.
Surgical Procedures: Some surgical procedures, such as laparoscopy, can be performed using endoscopy.

How to Prepare for Endoscopy?

Preparation for endoscopy varies depending on the type of endoscopy. Generally, the following steps are followed:

Fasting: You may need to fast for a certain period before procedures such as upper endoscopy or colonoscopy.
Bowel Cleansing: Before procedures like colonoscopy, your intestines must be completely empty, which may require laxatives or enemas.
Medications: You may need to stop certain medications or adjust their doses.
Allergies: It is important to inform your doctor if you have any allergies to medications or substances.

How Is Endoscopy Performed?

Endoscopy is usually performed on an outpatient basis, and light sedation is administered during the procedure. The endoscope is inserted into the body through natural openings or a small incision. The camera transmits images of the internal organs to a monitor, allowing the doctor to examine the organs in detail. The endoscopy procedure generally lasts 30–60 minutes.

After Endoscopy

The recovery process after endoscopy is generally quick. You can go home once the effects of sedation wear off. You may experience mild throat pain or abdominal discomfort for a few hours after the procedure. You can return to normal activities by following your doctor’s instructions.

Risks and Complications of Endoscopy

Endoscopy is generally a safe procedure, but as with any medical procedure, there may be some risks and complications. Rare complications include bleeding, infection, and perforation (organ puncture).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Stomach Endoscopy
Stomach endoscopy, also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a procedure used to examine the upper digestive system. In this procedure, an endoscope—an thin, flexible tube with a camera and light at its tip—is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Preparation Before Stomach Endoscopy
Preparation before a stomach endoscopy (gastroscopy) is crucial for a safe and effective procedure. Your doctor will provide specific instructions, but generally, you may need to follow these steps:

Fasting:

Stomach endoscopy is usually performed on an empty stomach. You may need to avoid food for at least 6–8 hours and stop fluids 2–4 hours before the procedure.
This ensures the stomach is empty and allows the doctor to view the stomach lining clearly.
During fasting, you may drink clear fluids like water, unsweetened tea, and clear fruit juice.

Medications:

Inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.
Some medications can increase bleeding risk or interact with anesthesia.
Your doctor may ask you to stop certain medications or adjust their doses before the procedure.
Blood thinners (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen): Usually stopped one week before.
Diabetes medications: Doses may need adjustment before and after the procedure.
Iron supplements: May need to be stopped a few days before as they can coat the stomach lining and affect visibility.

Other Considerations:

Smoking: Avoid smoking for several hours before the procedure as it increases stomach acid.
Alcohol: Limit alcohol consumption the day before the procedure.
Jewelry and dentures: Remove jewelry and removable dental prostheses.
Comfortable clothing: Wear loose and comfortable clothes.

On the Day of Endoscopy:

Bring your ID, insurance card, and medication list.
It is recommended to have a companion for assistance after the procedure.
Follow all instructions given by your doctor carefully.

Preparation is critical for the safety and success of the endoscopy. Contact your doctor with any questions or concerns.

Diet After Endoscopy
Post-endoscopy diet depends on the procedure type and your doctor’s instructions. Generally, it is important to allow your digestive system to rest and consume light, easily digestible foods.

First Hours:

Avoid eating or drinking for 1–2 hours after endoscopy to allow throat numbness to wear off and swallowing reflex to normalize.
Eating while the throat is numb can cause aspiration and choking.

First 24 Hours:

Consume soft and liquid foods such as:
- Soups (vegetable or chicken broth)
- Purees (mashed potatoes, vegetable puree)
- Yogurt
- Pudding
- Boiled eggs
- Compote
- Banana
- Avocado
Avoid:
- Spicy foods
- Fatty foods
- Carbonated or acidic drinks
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
- Gas-producing foods (beans, cabbage, broccoli)

Following Days:

Gradually return to a normal diet as your digestive system recovers.
Continue to avoid heavy, fatty, and spicy foods for a short period.
Drink plenty of water.

Additional Tips:

Eat small, frequent meals.
Chew food slowly and thoroughly.
Do not lie down immediately after eating.
Follow your doctor’s recommended diet plan.
Contact your doctor if you experience discomfort or have dietary concerns.

Post-Endoscopy Symptoms
Mild and temporary symptoms are normal after endoscopy. Rarely, serious issues may occur requiring medical attention.

Common Symptoms:
- Sore throat: Especially after upper endoscopy (gastroscopy). Usually resolves in a few days.
- Bloating and gas: Air used during the procedure can cause temporary bloating and gas.
- Nausea: May occur due to anesthesia or manipulation of the stomach.
- Fatigue: Mild tiredness can occur due to sedation or procedure stress.
Less Common and Serious Symptoms:
- Abdominal pain: Severe or persistent pain may indicate a complication.
- Bleeding: Risk exists if biopsy or polyp removal was performed. Minor bleeding is normal, but severe or persistent bleeding requires immediate medical attention.
- Fever: May indicate infection.
- Shortness of breath: Could signal a lung or heart problem.
- Vomiting: Especially bloody vomiting indicates a serious complication.
- Difficulty swallowing: Could indicate injury to the esophagus.
Recommendations for Symptoms:
- Drink plenty of fluids to reduce bloating and gas.
- Eat light, easily digestible foods within 24 hours.
- Rest adequately.
- Follow your doctor’s instructions regarding care and medication.

Duration of Stomach Endoscopy
Stomach endoscopy usually takes 15–30 minutes, depending on:

Anatomy: Esophagus or stomach structure may affect scope progression.
Sedation: Time for sedation to take effect and patient relaxation.
Procedures performed: Biopsy, polyp removal, or other interventions may extend the duration.
Doctor’s experience: Experienced doctors can perform the procedure more efficiently.

During the procedure, the patient lies on their left side, and a throat numbing spray is applied. The endoscope is then gently advanced through the mouth into the esophagus and stomach. The camera allows detailed examination of the stomach lining.

Post-procedure, a brief rest of about one hour is recommended. Mild throat discomfort is normal and typically resolves quickly.

Department Performing Endoscopy
The department performing endoscopy depends on the organ examined and the procedure purpose:

Gastroenterology: Most common, specializing in digestive system diseases. Gastroenterologists perform esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon endoscopies.
General Surgery: May perform endoscopy in cases requiring surgical intervention such as polyp removal, bleeding control, or laparoscopy.

Endoscopy Duration

Upper endoscopy (gastroscopy): 15–30 minutes
Colonoscopy: 30–60 minutes
Duration depends on organs examined, procedures performed, and patient condition.

Endoscopy Costs
A Life Hospitals, with private hospitals in Etimesgut and Pursaklar, Ankara, provides endoscopy services. They have experienced gastroenterologists and state-of-the-art endoscopy equipment.

Endoscopy Under Sedation Costs
Endoscopy under sedation or general anesthesia is offered with anesthesiologist support.

Intestinal Endoscopy
Intestinal endoscopy examines the lower digestive system, including the colon and distal small intestine, using colonoscopy or enteroscopy.

When Are Endoscopy Results Ready?

Usually immediately or within a few days after the procedure.
If biopsy is performed, pathology results may take 7–10 days.

Factors Affecting Result Timing:

Biopsy taken during the procedure
Pathology lab workload
Patient condition requiring additional tests

What Is Endoscopy?
Endoscopy is a medical procedure to visualize internal organs using a thin, flexible tube with light and a camera, inserted through natural openings or small incisions.

Risks of Endoscopy
Although generally safe, potential risks include:

Bleeding: Especially if biopsy or polyp removal is performed; usually minor.
Infection: Rare, may occur if instruments are not sterile or immunity is low.
Organ perforation: Very rare, may require urgent surgery.
Anesthesia-related complications: Rare respiratory, allergic, or cardiac issues under sedation.
Abdominal pain and bloating: Usually mild and temporary.
Sore throat: Mild throat discomfort after upper endoscopy, usually resolves within a few days.