Internal Medicine

Internal medicine deals with diseases of internal organs in adults aged 15 and over. This field focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of illnesses. It is a vital medical specialty.

It provides solutions for conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, liver and kidney diseases, and blood disorders. The following health issues are commonly addressed:

• Digestive system problems: gastritis, ulcers, intestinal disorders, diarrhea, constipation

• Anemia

• Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

• Osteoporosis

• Infectious diseases

• Respiratory system disorders

• Hormonal diseases

• Obesity

Geriatrics (elderly health), nutrition in chronic and undiagnosed diseases, also falls within the expertise of an internal medicine specialist.

Internal medicine deals with diseases related to the body’s internal organs and systems. These organs include the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines, all of which play important roles in diagnosis and treatment.

It also covers the kidneys, urinary tract, endocrine system, and blood-forming organs, as well as the rheumatic system and more. Diagnosis and treatment in this field are crucial.

An internal medicine doctor understands the complex interactions among these systems and specializes in providing a holistic approach to diagnosis. They also prepare personalized treatment plans.

This specialty encompasses many vital organs in our body:

• Heart: The vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

• Lungs: Organs responsible for breathing, taking in oxygen, and releasing carbon dioxide.

• Liver: An organ that functions like a factory with many important tasks for the body.

• Stomach and Intestinal System: The system that digests food and removes waste from the body.

• Kidneys and Urinary Tract: Systems that filter the blood and expel waste through urine.

• Brain, Spine, Nerves, Muscles, and Joints: Structures that enable movement, thinking, and sensation.

As you can see, it covers a very broad area. Internal medicine doctors work to find the causes of any disorders in these organs, make accurate diagnoses, and apply the most appropriate treatments.

An internal medicine specialist is a doctor who, after graduating from medical school, has completed specialized training in this field. During this long and demanding education process, they learn how the body functions, the causes and symptoms of diseases, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.

Internal medicine doctors listen to patients' complaints and perform detailed physical examinations. If necessary, they order tests such as blood tests, urine tests, X-rays, or ECGs.

They use these tests to try to make a diagnosis. Once a diagnosis is made, they create a personalized treatment plan for the patient. This plan may include medications, lifestyle changes, or referrals to other specialist doctors if needed.

When something goes wrong in our body, the first doctor we usually consult is an internal medicine specialist. Some common conditions within their specialty include:

Regular health screenings are crucial for maintaining a healthy life. These screenings allow for the diagnosis and treatment of potential health issues. Health professionals may recommend different tests based on a person’s age, gender, and risk factors. Here are the most commonly performed basic health screening tests:

Blood Tests: The Mirror of Your Body
Blood tests provide important information about your overall health by measuring various parameters. The most common blood tests include:

• Complete Blood Count (CBC or Hemogram): Measures red and white blood cells and platelet counts, providing information about anemia, infections, and blood disorders.

• Fasting Blood Glucose: A key test to determine the risk or presence of diabetes.

• Cholesterol and Triglycerides: Offer insights into heart and vascular health; high levels can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

• Liver Function Tests: Assess the health of the liver and help diagnose jaundice, fatty liver, and other liver diseases.

• Kidney Function Tests: Evaluate kidney filtering ability and overall health, important for diagnosing kidney failure.

• Thyroid Hormone Tests: Assess thyroid gland function, used to diagnose hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).

• Vitamin and Mineral Levels: Measure essential vitamin and mineral levels to detect deficiencies.

Urine Analysis: Insight Into Kidneys and Urinary Tract
Urine tests play a vital role in diagnosing kidney and urinary tract diseases by examining the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.

Imaging Methods: Visualizing Internal Organs
Various techniques are used to visualize the structure and detect abnormalities in internal organs:

• X-Ray: Frequently used to image lungs, heart, and bones.

• Electrocardiography (ECG): Records the heart’s electrical activity, important for identifying arrhythmias, heart attacks, and other cardiac conditions.

• Endoscopy: Uses a thin tube with a camera to directly view the inside surfaces of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or colon. Critical for diagnosing ulcers, gastritis, polyps, and tumors.

• Ultrasonography: Uses high-frequency sound waves to create live images of internal organs. Commonly used for liver, kidneys, gallbladder, thyroid gland, and pregnancy monitoring.

• Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provide detailed cross-sectional images. CT is often used for bones and soft tissues; MRI is superior for soft tissues, brain, and nervous system imaging.

Biopsy: Cellular-Level Examination
Involves taking a small tissue sample for microscopic examination. It is crucial for definitively diagnosing serious conditions such as cancer.